• A European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries
• It emphasized reason and individualism rather than tradition.
• It was heavily influenced by 17th-century Philosophes such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton.
• The prominent advocated include Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith.

• A philosopher that denies the possibility of knowledge or even belief
• As science advanced in the Enlightenment, people began becoming skeptical about certain religious conformity attempts, yes, the focus here is on using scientific principles to challenge attempts to force people to belong to a religious group and even to believe in religion at all. There was increasing evidence that the dates in the bible were wrong and the earth was much older than the bible said.

• The most influential writer of the early Enlightenment
• He was a Frenchman born into the upper middle class
• His real name was Francois-Marie Arouet, but he was known by Voltaire
• In his early years, Voltaire suffered arrest, imprisonment, and exile, but he eventually achieved wealth and praise
• His troubles with church and state began in the early 1730s when he published his Letters Concerning the English Nation where he used the virtues of the British as a way to attack Catholic intolerance and government rigidity in France
• Voltaire also popularized Newton’s scientific discoveries in his Elements of the Philosophy of Newton
• Before long, Voltaire was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in London and in Edinburgh, as well as twenty other scientific academies
• He also wrote the Philosophical Dictionary where he attacked most of the claims of Christianity
• His fame reached truly astounding proportions in the 1750s and 1760s
• Voltaire’s works and ideas influenced important thinkers of both the American and French Revolutions

• A French political philosopher
• A relative study of political systems in which he advocated the separation of judicial, legislative, and executive powers - yes, this is key about him,
• He writes anonymous novels to advocate these points, in the form of satire, because he was eventually attacked for his ideas.

• The “woman question” really began when Montesquieu’s wife Roxana (Not his wife, from a novel called the Persian Letters) revolts against the authority if Usbek and writes a letter to her husband announcing her impending suicide.
• Feminist ideas were not totally new, but were really presented for the first time during the Enlightenment period.
• Similar to Roxana, woman began using the same tones in their writing of freedom and tyranny, advocating for immense changes in their status.
• This challenged the traditional ways of society.
• The most famous of these woman authors was Mary Astell, a supporter of the Anglican religious establishment. She published A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, in which she argued for a private women’s college. She wrote many other feminist works as well, such as Reflections Upon Marriage.
• She inspired many other women to write and advocate for women’s rights.
• People began to agree with these views when physicians and surgeons realized that the male seed along with the female egg was necessary in creating a baby.
• Can you put this more in your own words, and can we all clearly spell out what the "woman question" was? Were women as capable of using reason as men, were women capable of public roles or not and therefore, if they could not use reason, did they need education?

• Lived 1666-1731
• She was an English feminist writer and rhetorician. She was “the first English feminist”
• She advocated equal educational opportunities for women. She published A Serious Proposal to the Ladies in which she proposed founding a private women’s college to better educate women. Her book was extremely successful.
• She followed Descartes’ principles for intellectual training in which reason, debate, and careful consideration of issues were most important. She is famous for using Descartes’ model to engage in philosophical debate as a woman.
• She also wrote Some Reflections upon Marriage in which she criticized the relationship between a husband and wife in a marriage.
• Her work inspired other women to write with her feminist tone.

• The doctrine where the female egg was essential in making new humans
• This undermined the Aristotelian view of reproduction where the male seed carried spirit and individuality
• This new doctrine existed at the beginning of the eighteenth century
• This doctrine led to Enlightenment writers to continue to debate women’s nature and appropriate social roles

• during the 1700s, all over Europe
• unlike the reformation it did not reform the ways of people from the past but looked towards the new future of Europe and moved forward
• some ideas sparked by the scientific revolution it greatly promoted reason;
  • using reason to solve humanitarian issues and different conflicts
  • reason came from the ideas of the scientific revolution
• "using reason to understand natural laws of human society in order to create happiness, through progress and secure liberty"( Mrs. Ann)
• philosophers, artist, scientists involved include
• Isaac Newton
• Montesquieu
• Spinoza

• basically it was a movement towards progress in Europe, developing many different philosophies and revolutionizing the spread of ideas
• Salons were developed in order to spread enlightenment ideas
• Enlightened monarchs/ deposit promotes certain enlightenment ideas to gain power for themselves and to strengthen there own country
• most of the philosophers were upper and middle class citizens, many of the lower class people were left out of the changing philosophies and dealt more with the booming population of th time
• many philosophers preached improvimg life fpr the people
• another philosophy is public opion- having the monarch account for what the people want
• many of ideas of this time lead to the establishment of the United Sates of America, and many other democracies
• this revolutionize of thought all over Europe affected views on every day life, government, changing lives and creating new governments, it brought the world into the modern age it is in now

• Were mostly Diest, meaning they believe God made the world then left it and is currently no longer actively involved in the world.
• more like publicists, marketing specialists, thinking of cool new stuff and how to spread it. Publicizing ideas of the enlightenment.
  Literary people, politicians, economists, theorists, journalists, political scientists, etc. mostly nobles or aristocrats. Distrusted the lower classes, thought they were blinded by religious constitutions, they directly were apposing god and religious teachings so they didn’t want to trust the lower classes.
  Making a direct challenge to organized religion and god. Believe modern people are better than ancient people because they now have science.
  Paris is the center because Louis XIV created that.

• enlightenment 1700s , all over Europe
• a term used to descibe the enlightenment and its wide spread and widely followed philosophies
• according to this phrase the enlightenment was not withheld by the bound ires of a country but its philophies resided all over the world
• the philosophes did not all live in a republic or support a republic government but in this phrase refers to the "reason, reform, and freedom"(copied from the book) of philosphes and ideas during the enlightenment
• they also championed Imannuel Kants idea- sapere aude- "dare to know"
• this phrase- the grand republic of letters- represents the epitome of the enlightenment, the unification of ideas, and the ability to reform and develop new ideas and look towards a prosperous future

• the Enlightenment, all over Europe, 18th century
• Salons were gathering of philosophes, that were informally held by women of the the upper class or rich women in the middle class
• it allowed for artist, philosophers, and writers to spread their ideas
• it also allowed these people to test their new ideas on the public and gage their reception
• they were used to encourage philosophers and to spread their new ides
• Madam Maire Therese Geofrrin hosted the best known salons around Europe that were held in Paris
  • she was from a rich middle class family
  • and was married at 14
  • in order to educate herself she held salons, gathering all of the newest, best know, and greatest philosopher at her house to share their ideas
  • she also communicated by letter with many other powerful people of her time - including Cathrine the Great
• men who were jealous of womens power, criticized their salon hosting
• Salons hosted all over Europe by women
  • Berlin- 14 slaons, 9 of them held by Jewish women
  • Warsaw-Princess Zofia Czartoryska held salons for leaders of reform from Poland- Lithuania
  • Madrid- women who once lived in France held salons in Spain, spreading French ideas and culture
  • London- raised money through their salons to publish books written by women
• Jeanne- Antoinette Poisson, held salons with guests such as Montesquieu and Voltaire, she became Louis XV mistress- this shows the mix in circles of power that the enlightenment and salons presented, due to the development of philosphies and power mostly residing in the upper class ; she later she got a new title Marquise de Pompadour and she she focused more on on the blooming artists of the time, the on salons
• Salons originated in Paris with Madam Maire Therese Geoffrin
• Salons and Madamae Geoffrin impacted the spread of ideas during the enlightenment, causing the ideas to be widely spread. accepted, and successful

• People who believe in G-d but give him no active role in earthly affairs
• Deism arose during the mid-eighteenth century
• They rejected the idea that G-d directly intercedes in the functioning of the universe
• They often criticized churches for their strict intolerance of dissenters
• Voltaire, a well-known deist, wrote the Philosophical Dictionary where he attacked most of the claims of Christianity
• He argued that Christianity had been the prime source of brutality among humans
• Eventually, French authorities burned his Philosophical Dictionary

• It makes governments get rid of restrictions on the sale land and on imports.
• Lassiez Faire is in general a completely free market in which the government does not interfere.
• In French it means: to leave alone. Which is what the government did to land sales.
• It occurred in Western Europe, particularly France- in the 1700's.
• It was a concept endorsed by Adam Smith.
• If this concept were to actually occur it would stimulate national growth intensely.

1. the enlightenment flourished in cities with an educated middle class
2. three such cities, London, Paris, and Amsterdam, provided that crowd and were therefore the epicenter of the Enlightenment
3. from there the enlightenment spread to North America, Asia, and the rest of Europe

• French writers bravely critiqued society, despite being persecuted by the Catholic church which forbade the publication of their ideas in France
  • Famous French Philosophes like Voltaire Diderot and Rousseau were exiled and sometimes arrested and imprisoned.
• France was the center of European Enlightenment and enjoyed prosperity and cultural development.
• French government was not sure whether it should censor these new ideas in order to satisfy the complaints of the elites or if it should continue to promote modern progress

• Religiously tolerant
  • Tolerated the Jews
• Moses Mendelssohn (1729-1786) was a German Jewish writer who claimed that Judaism was a rational and undogmatic religion and therefore did not trap the progress of further development like other Philosophes believed other religions did. He also believed that if people got a better REASONABLE understanding of things, they wouldn't persecute the Jews.
• Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) wrote The Critique of Pure Reason. He explained how reason, in it's pure form, cannot give an answer to any question (such as the questions of "What is the meaning of life?" or "Does God exist?").
  • Idealism- true understanding of things, can only come from the examination of the ways in which ideas are formed in the mind.
  • idolized Rousseau and agreed that one must live under and obey the laws of a society.

• What: It was a cultural movement that focused on the arts, music, and literature.
• Believed that, unlike Enlightenment thinkers, Science is not what people should be focusing on.
• It stressed the importance of emotion, nature, religion, nationalism, nature, and the individual.
• Many famous authors wrote books about this time period. (i.e.Victor Hugo (The Hunchback of Notre Dame/Les Miserables) and Alexandre Dumas (The Three Musketeers)).
• Where: All over Europe
• When: The first half of the nineteenth century
• Why it is important: It was a major movement that caused many people to feel a national feeling.
• It affected all of Europe culturally. It caused them to advance in literature.

• 1749-1832
• In 1774, Goethe wrote the novel, The Sorrows of Young Werther, which is about a man named Werther who has a passion for nature. Later on in the story, he finds out that the women he loves got married. Werther then gets depressed and commits suicide.
• Goethe’s novel was so popular that Werther costumes, engravings, embroidery, medallions, and perfumes were sold. Also, Napoleon Bonaparte read The Sorrows of Young Werther because it was such a great book.
• But what is key is that reason (the Enlightenment) cannot save him, and the Werther peoples also sometimes committed suicide.

• The term “Great Awakening” refers to several periods of increased religious enthusiasm in American religious history.
• Historians classify three periods of religious revival around the early 18th century and late 19th century (there is a debated concept over whether there is a fourth Awakening).
• Each “Great Awakening” was characterized by widespread revivals led by a Protestant minister, a significant increase of interest in religion, an increase in evangelical church membership, along with the formation of many new religious movements/ denominations
• This occurred in the 1740s in the British North American Colonies as well. Revivalist Protestant preachers gathered thousands of fervent believers to participate.
• This created conflicts between revivalists and their opponents and forced the leaders of both sides to create new colleges to support their sides (included Princeton, Columbia, Brown, Dartmouth, etc.).
• HOw do you think this ties to the Englightenment? It is not about reason, it is a very emotional religious movement, so it does not seem to be prompted by the Enlightenment. And the Enlightenment led to more secularism and this is deeply religious. So was this a response to the Enlightenment?

• A sect of Orthodox Judaism created by Baal Shem Tov in the 18th century in Eastern Europe.
• Means "piety" in Yiddish.
• promotes spirituality through the popularization internalization of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspects of Jewish faith.
• Was created as a reaction to overly legalist Judaism and and in response to a void felt by many average observant Jews.
• Believed God's spark was in everything, even simple objects or actions.
• Categorized as one whose spiritual devotion extends beyond the technical requirements of Jewish religious law.

• A movement of Protestantism that began in Great Britain
• Spread by John Wesley in 1738,
• It emphasized an intense personal experience of salvation and a life of frugality, abstinence, and hard work. It stressed the authority of the Bible and the doctrines of the Trinity and Jesus.
• Wesley traveled all over the British Isles to preach about his ideas. His preachings angered the Anglican church, but he began to ordain his own clergy anyway.
• Wesley remained politically conservative. He wrote many pamphlets urging loyalty and submission to higher authorities.
• The movement gave rise to many other sects of Christianity.
• The movement spread rapidly throughout the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries.

• Who/What: He was a major philosopher and writer during the Enlightenment.
• He was also an atheist
• His major fame comes from the Encyclopedia which is a compilation of human knowledge into one book placed in alphabetical order. It had no religious references in it, and talked a lot about sciences.
• He also was involved in culture as he published many different kinds of books.
• He was known in the salons of Catherine the Great.
• Where: He lived and his book was published in France.
• When: He lived from 1713-1784. The Encyclopedia was published somewhere in between 1751-1772.
• Why this is important: Diderot was one of the first people to publically say that he is an atheist. This led other people to join his movements.
• The Encyclopedia was important because it was the first major compilation of knowledge, and it was often used during the Enlightenment as a reference.

• She lived from December 16, 1706 to September 10, 1749.
• During the Age of Enlightenment, she was a French mathematician, physicist, and author.
• She’s most known for her translation and commentary on Isaac Newton’s Principia Mathematica.
• The translation was published ten years after her death but is still considered as standard French translation.
• Her father was the secretary of King Louis XIV.
• One of her lovers, Voltaire, wrote to King Frederick II of Prussia that du Chatelet was “a great man whose only fault was being a woman”.
• Despite many restrictions on women's participation in the sciences, she is a specific example of one who was able to participate and was successful.

1. French philosophe
2. born in France
3. 1689-1755
4. his main interest was political philosophy
5. some of his ideas include separation of state powers (executive, judicial, legislative), and classification of systems of government based on their principles
6. he popularized the terms 'feudalism' and 'Byzantine Empire'
7. "The Spirit of the Laws" is his political treatise which deals with things such as law, social life, and the study of anthropology
8. he influenced the founding fathers of the United States with his view of separate powers of government

• Who: He is a philosopher and a political economist
• He wrote a book called “Inquiry into Nature and Causes of the wealth of Nations”
• In this book he wrote about how there should be: a greater division of labor, free flow of goods across borders, and laws of supply and demand.
• Where: He is from Scotland
• When: He lived from 1723-1790
• Why he is important: He was anti-mercantilism, so his views transpired unto others. Many people wanted to stop following these policies. His views also supported the Physiocrats and their economic beliefs.

• 1831
• In the United Kingdom
• It was an act of Parliament which stated that one could not take/hunt game birds unless it is during a specific season when they are allowed to hunt
• It was passed to protect game birds
• This act also talked about the need of game licenses and the appointing of gamekeepers

• Another term for the middle class, often designated to the wealthier of the middle class.
• In Europe, bourgeoisie is characterized by the amount of wealth they own (not necessarily land).
• Around the 17th century the concept of bourgeoisie developed.
• Mostly bourgeoisie signify the ruling class in consumerist societies.

• The Freemasons are a secret organization that began in the late 16th century.
• It's origins remain obscure and mostly unknown, but groups of Freemasons live all over the world.
• It consists of Lodges which function under their own jurisdiction.
• They have a lot of power, then and now.
• It is a society of men who believe in certain morals and spiritual values.
• Many famous people were Freemasons, such as, John Abbott from the 1800s or Buzz Aldrin from current times.

• They helped and organized new disciples and it trained new scientists
• they helped scientists' social status rise
• They demonstrate the rising interest in science
• The history of the academies in France began with the Academy of Science in 1666 in Paris

• Western movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture
• Draw inspiration from the classical art and culture of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome
• The main Neoclassical movement overlapped with the Age of Enlightenment
• Josiah Wedgwood was an English potter who engaged in neoclassical motifs
• The recently discovered Greek and Roman ruins stimulated enthusiasm for neoclassic in painting and architecture

• As poverty was rapidly growing in France (why, not Daniella's job to say but know why), the French government set up depots de mendicite, which are beggar houses/prisons, in 1767.
• Beggars and homeless people were sent to these workhouses to labor in manufacturing.
• The government wished to ban begging. The depots de mendicite were set up to the poor out of public sight and to make them useful.
• Why did the govt set these up? Why did they want to keep the poor out of sight? The economy was so bad so there were so many poor and traditional sources of help from the church as well as the government were overwhelmed, and everyone was very frightened that there would be more crime.
• They were later used by Napoleon in 1808.

1. birth out of wedlock is when a child is born without his parents being married (duh)
2. the rate of births out of wedlock soared almost 20% of what it was before the enlightenment to what it was after
3. some suggest that it is because women were moving out of the control of their families, so they were seeking their own sexual fulfillment (awkward…)
4. others believe that it is simply because previously a man was pressured by community and familial responsibilities to marry the woman pregnant with his child but now that those pressures had eased down so a man could simply abandon the girl if he did not intend to have that child

• Enlightened despotism is a form of absolute monarchy in which rulers were influenced by the Enlightenment
• Also known as the enlightened absolutists
• The sovereigns during the time of the Enlightenment who aimed to promote Enlightenment reforms without giving up their absolute power
• They tended to allow religious toleration, freedom of speech, and the right to hold private property

• Rich in minerals and natural resources so it was good for the Industrial Revolution
• Frederick II, the new king of Prussia, found his chance to conquer territory and invaded the Austrian province of Silesia
• Maria Theresa agreed to give Silesia to Prussia only because she wanted to survive by splitting up Prussia and France

• enlightened thinker, economists, focus on the economy.
• School of writers on political and economic that flourished in France in the 18th century.
• Attacked monopolies, exclusive corporations, taxes and other things from the mercantile system.
• Believed that the inherent natural order governing society was based on land and its natural products as the only true form of wealth.
• Laissez faire et laissez passer was their watch word meaning leave it and let pass.

• Lived from 1729 until 1796
• Was an "enlightened despot"-- absolute ruler that endorsed and promoted the ideas of the enlightenment throughout his/her nation
  • Catherine wished to raise Russia's status to be equal to its neighbors politically and culturally
• Wanted to reclaim Constantinople from the Muslims and make Russia's presence noticed by other European countries:
  • During the war of Austrian Succession, Russia invaded Poland-Lithunaia 3 times and eventually split the territories it won with Prussia and Austria.
• Catherine befriended Voltaire--a well known Philosophe--and worked hard to get his approval in order to attain more power.

• Joseph was born in the midst of the War of Austrian Succession

• He was

• He was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary, Croatia, and Bohemia, and was the first ruler in the Austrian dominions of the House of Lorraine (Habsburg-Lorraine)

• A strong supporter of Absolute Monarchy, though it did cause opposition at points

• One of the three great Enlightened monarchs, therefore he was a patron and lover of the arts

• Took power from the Popes and called himself the “Guardian of Catholicism”

• An aggressive expansionist leader who’s main goal was to make the Habsburg Monarchy great

4. Frederick II- King of Prussia 1740-1786

• Food riots mainly in Britain and France against governments allowing rich farmers to sell overpriced grain to foreign merchants (free trade), because the poor farmers and the working class could not afford these high prices
• Flour War- in France, 1775, prices of grain rose in several cities due to Turgot’s free trade policies, and in response villagers attacked grain transportation vehicles
• Local officers listened to the rioters and forced the prices to be lowered, but were then arrested by the government for breaking the free trade laws
• Death Penalty was introduced for rioters

• Emelian Pugachev, who claimed to be the late Tsar Peter III, challenged Catherine II’s power and led a powerful Cossak revolt
• Wanted to permanently end Russian serfdom, rallied over 3 million people and attacked many nobles
• Catherine eventually captured, tortured, and excecuted him and anyone elso who agreed to criticize serdom

• An extremely small election district controlled by one patron who could be easily bribed
• The Wikes affair triend to end rotten-boroughs
• Were originally assigned to large cities, but even after population radically decreased the same number of electors remailed, creating a rotten borough who can be easily bribed into voting for a specific candidate

• In 1765 The British passed the stamp act, which made people pay an extra tax for any legal documents that someone wants to publish.
• However, the colonies rioted and the stamp act was removed.
• In 1773, the parliament passed another act – the Tea Act, though the colonists dumped a large amount of British tea into the ocean.
• After this, Britain threatened the colonists that they would use force to control them.
• The colonists were now infuriated and the Second Continental Congress was able to successfully organize a colonist army and defeat Britain. In 1776, the colonies were independent.
• Many of the leaders in the American Revolution were influenced by the enlightenment. Therefore, they believed that the British government was despotic, so they were influenced to start the revolution.
• Why, what influence of the Enlightenment made them think they should rebel? Which thinker(s) influenced them?